# GlycanAge Knowledge Base (llms-full.txt) > This file contains a comprehensive, flattened export of the authoritative content from GlycanAge.com, optimized for LLM context. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Inflammaging: Chronic, low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age, believed to accelerate the process of biological aging and worsen many age-related diseases. Biomarker: A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. Glycan: Complex sugar structures that coat cells and proteins (like IgG), playing a crucial role in immune response and inflammation. IgG (Immunoglobulin G): The most common type of antibody found in blood circulation, playing a key role in the immune system. Glycans attached to IgG modulate its anti- or pro-inflammatory activity. GlycanAge Index: A calculated score reflecting biological age based on the balance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory glycans on IgG antibodies. ## Core Science: Biological Age Testing TITLE: Glycan-Based Biological Age Testing DESCRIPTION: Glycan-based testing measures patterns in glycans, which are complex sugar structures attached to proteins in the blood. These patterns reflect changes in the immune system and inflammation over time, both of which are closely linked to aging and long-term health. TITLE: Epigenetic (DNA Methylation) Tests DESCRIPTION: Epigenetic tests analyse DNA methylation, chemical tags that regulate how genes are expressed without changing the DNA sequence. Specific methylation patterns are strongly associated with aging and are used to estimate biological age at the molecular level. TITLE: Blood Biomarkers & Composite Scores DESCRIPTION: Some biological age estimates combine standard blood biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), cholesterol and lipid levels, glucose, and other metabolic markers. These composite scores reflect overall physiological health and the functioning of multiple body systems. TITLE: What Accuracy Means DESCRIPTION: Biological age test accuracy refers to how reliably a test reflects biological processes associated with aging, and how consistently it produces similar results under the same conditions. TITLE: Validation vs Prediction DESCRIPTION: Validated tests, such as GlycanAge, are supported by research linking their markers to aging and health outcomes at a population level. This differs from predicting individual lifespan or disease, which is inherently uncertain. TITLE: Variability Over Time DESCRIPTION: Biological age can change due to lifestyle, illness, stress, or recovery. For this reason, trends across repeated tests are generally more informative than a single result. TITLE: Research-Backed Methods DESCRIPTION: Many biological age tests rely on biomarkers supported by peer-reviewed research. These biomarkers are consistently associated with aging processes and changes in long-term health risk. TITLE: Epigenetic (DNA Methylation) Tests TITLE: Observational vs Interventional Evidence DESCRIPTION: Most biological age tests are validated using observational research, which examines how molecular markers are associated with aging and health outcomes over time. This type of evidence helps establish whether a marker reliably reflects biological aging. Interventional studies, which test how biomarkers respond to specific changes or interventions, are less common and continue to evolve. Together, these approaches support the use of biological age testing as a tool for understanding and tracking biological aging over time. TITLE: Is biological age testing scientifically supported? DESCRIPTION: Biological age testing is based on molecular markers that have been studied in aging research and are associated with long-term health and aging processes. While methods vary, many tests are supported by peer-reviewed observational research. TITLE: Can you lower your biological age? DESCRIPTION: Biological age can change over time. Improvements or increases may occur in response to lifestyle, health status, stress, illness, or recovery. Changes are best interpreted as trends across repeated measurements rather than single results. TITLE: Can biological age testing results be used as a medical diagnosis? DESCRIPTION: No. Biological age testing is designed to provide insight into aging-related biological processes. It does not diagnose disease or replace medical evaluation. TITLE: How long does biological age testing take? DESCRIPTION: The testing process depends on the method used, but most involve a blood or saliva sample and laboratory analysis. Results are typically returned within days to weeks. TITLE: Is biological age testing safe? DESCRIPTION: Biological age testing is generally considered safe, as it involves standard, low-risk sample collection methods such as blood draws or saliva samples. TITLE: What is the difference between biological age and chronological age? DESCRIPTION: Chronological age measures the number of years since birth. Biological age reflects how the body is functioning based on molecular markers and can be higher or lower than chronological age, as well as change over time. DESCRIPTION: GlycanAge is a biological age test that measures chronic inflammation via IgG glycosylation patterns, with personalized reporting and specialist interpretation. What Is Biological Age Testing? | GlycanAge BIOLOGICAL AGE TESTING What Is Biological Age Testing? Biological age testing estimates how your body is aging based on molecular markers linked to cellular, molecular, and systemic health. It reflects the state of key biological processes such as inflammation, immune activity, and metabolism. Biological age can differ from chronological age and may change in response to lifestyle, health, and recovery, providing insight into the pace of biological aging. How lifestyle affects biological age and how inflammation and glycans affect aging are covered in our FAQ. BIOLOGICAL AGE INSIGHTS What Biological Age Testing Can Tell You Understanding Biological Aging Biological age reflects how aging processes are unfolding within the body, based on biological signals associated with long-term health. It helps explain why aging can look different from one person to another. Involves changes in inflammation and immune system function over time Varies between individuals of the same chronological age Reflects differences in how biological systems respond to stress and recovery Can shift over time as health and lifestyle factors change Who Biological Age Testing Is For Biological age testing is used across personal health, preventive care, and research settings to better understand how aging processes vary between individuals. Individuals interested in longevity, healthy aging, and long-term health awareness Preventive health and wellness users tracking biological changes over time Researchers studying aging, inflammation, and long-term health outcomes Clinicians using biological age as a supplementary research or monitoring tool Biological Age Testing with GlycanAge GlycanAge is a biological age test that focuses on immune system aging by analysing glycans, complex sugar structures attached to proteins in the blood. These glycan patterns reflect long-term changes in inflammation and immune function, both of which are closely linked to aging. The approach is research-led, grounded in glycoscience and peer-reviewed studies. GlycanAge is designed to provide a stable, biology-based measure of aging over time. Order your GlycanAge test ---------------------------------------- ## Core Science: Our Science TITLE: We Are Unique In What We Do SUBTITLE: ANALYZING GLYCANS DESCRIPTION: GlycanAge is the only biological age test in the world that measures chronic inflammation by analyzing glycans, a powerful but often overlooked layer of biology that influences immune function, and overall health. Backed by 30+ years of research, GlycanAge sits at the frontier of personalized, preventative health, translating cutting-edge glycoscience into real-world insights you can act on. TITLE: What Are Glycans Anyway? SUBTITLE: LANGUAGE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION: Glycans are complex sugars and one of life’s four essential building blocks, alongside proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They coat every cell surface and are attached to over half of all human proteins, regulating immunity, cell signaling, and development. At GlycanAge, we study a specific group of glycans on Immunoglobulin G (IgG), the main protective antibody. These glycans act like switches, turning immune activity up or down, and are closely linked to inflammation and long-term health. Unlike standard tests that detect issues only after their onset, glycans reveal early signs of immune imbalance and chronic inflammation, well before symptoms appear. That’s what makes them the foundation of true prevention. TITLE: What Do Glycans Reflect? SUBTITLE: A WINDOW INTO INFLAMMATION DESCRIPTION: IgG glycans are the only biomarker that accurately reflects chronic inflammation—a key hallmark of aging and an early sign of immune imbalance. As we age, immune regulation declines, leading to persistent, low-grade inflammation, or “inflammaging.” This drives age-related diseases and is strongly influenced by lifestyle factors like stress, poor sleep, poor diet, and inactivity. Chronic inflammation captures the combined influence of genetics, epigenetics, environment, and lifestyle—all in one measurable signal. That’s why it’s one of the most powerful indicators of biological age and future health risk. IgG glycans are the only way to accurately measure chronic inflammation, offering a unique, early, and actionable window for prevention. TITLE: How Do We Determine Biological Age? SUBTITLE: MEASURING IMMUNE RESILIENCE DESCRIPTION: Everyone has their unique IgG glycome—the collection of glycans attached to IgG antibodies. While we share the same glycan types, the ratios of these glycans vary from person to person. In youth, anti-inflammatory glycans dominate, but with aging, disease, and unhealthy habits, this balance shifts toward pro-inflammatory glycans. By measuring the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory glycans, we can determine a person’s biological age, viewed through the lens of the immune system. TITLE: IgG Isolation DESCRIPTION: We isolate a specific type of antibody (IgG) from the blood sample. TITLE: Glycan Release DESCRIPTION: We then release the glycans (sugar chains) that are attached to your IgG antibodies. TITLE: Fluorescent Labeling DESCRIPTION: The released glycans are labeled with a fluorescent dye, which allows them to be detected by our instruments. TITLE: Measuring Glycans DESCRIPTION: We separate and measure the labelled glycans to determine the quantity of each type. TITLE: Calculating Your Result DESCRIPTION: Finally, we compare your glycan profile to a large reference database to quantify your body's biological age. The Science of Glycans & Biological Age | GlycanAge OUR SCIENCE At the frontier of biology, glycans are changing what we know about health and aging . Partnering with top universities, we’ve built the largest glycan research program in the world , discovering how these molecules reveal deep insights about health, aging, and resilience. GLYCOSYLATION Glycans Make Complex Life Possible—And Functional Glycosylation , the addition of glycans to proteins, is a post-translational modification, meaning glycans are added after the protein is formed. The addition of different glycans to the same protein creates diverse glycoproteins, expanding the functional diversity encoded by our genes. BIOLOGICAL AGE What is Biological Age? Biological age measures how your body is aging at a molecular level—often significantly different from your chronological age. Different tests assess it by focusing on different systems: Epigenetic clocks track DNA methylation Telomere tests measure cellular wear and tear Metabolomic and proteomic tests track circulating molecules Among the 12 hallmarks of aging, chronic inflammation (inflammaging)—is one of the most critical and reversible drivers. GlycanAge measures IgG glycans, the only biomarker that accurately reflects chronic inflammation, offering one of the clearest, most actionable views of how fast you’re truly aging. Chronic Inflammation (Inflammaging) Epigenetic Alterations Telomere Shortening Cellular Senescence Mitochondrial Dysfunction Genomic Instability Deregulated Nutrient Sensing Loss of Proteostasis Disabled Autophagy Altered Intercellular Communication Dysbiosis Stem Cell Exhaustion OUR AGING MODEL The Glycan Clock of Aging The glycan clock of aging is a scientifically validated model that measures biological age by analyzing changes in the glycosylation patterns of IgG antibodies. These patterns shift predictably with age and reveal how well your body is managing chronic inflammation. Built on over 30 years of research and validated on more than 300,000 samples across diverse populations, it’s grounded in one of the world’s largest aging biology datasets and reflects true biological mechanisms, not just correlations. Unlike epigenetic clocks, which measure passive DNA changes, the glycan clock captures a functional, dynamic process. That means it not only tracks aging but can also be actively influenced through lifestyle changes or medical interventions. ---------------------------------------- ## Core Science: Publications Publications | GlycanAge Publications Peer-reviewed glycan research behind GlycanAge GlycanAge is based on research performed on over 300,000 people . These findings identified that glycans change 7-10 years before the disease is first diagnosed. Glycans also respond to lifestyle interventions within a short timeframe, providing valuable insights. If you’re interested in including glycans in your research, check out our GlycanAge for Research page to see how we can collaborate. You can see all of our publications in chronological order below. Our research team ---------------------------------------- ## Clinical Studies: Research Case Studies TITLE: Effects of testosterone and metformin on the GlycanAge index of biological age and the composition of the IgG glycome DESCRIPTION: A study explored how metformin and testosterone affect biological age in healthy overweight men, using glycan-based insights. TITLE: Effects of estradiol on biological age measured using the glycan age index DESCRIPTION: A study investigating changes in IgG glycans in women following estrogen suppression and their response to subsequent estrogen reintroduction. TITLE: The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants DESCRIPTION: A study evaluating the effectiveness of NUCHIDO TIME+ in increasing NAD+ levels and its impact on biological aging and IgG glycans. TITLE: Effects of low-calorie and different weight-maintenance diets on IgG glycome composition DESCRIPTION: A study explored how caloric restriction–induced weight loss and various weight maintenance diets affect IgG glycans and chronic inflammation. TITLE: N-Glycosylation Profiles of Immunoglobulin G and Future Cardiovascular Events DESCRIPTION: A study investigating the potential of IgG glycans in predicting future cardiovascular events. TITLE: Plasma N-glycome shows continuous deterioration as the diagnosis of insulin resistance approaches DESCRIPTION: A study investigating changes in plasma glycosylation as potential early biomarkers for predicting insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. TITLE: Impact of Tirzepatide on IgG Glycosylation and Biological Age DESCRIPTION: Evaluating the 3-month impact of tirzepatide (Mounjaro), a GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist, on biological age in overweight and obese participants. TITLE: Impact of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide on Biological Age DESCRIPTION: Evaluating the 6-month impact of GLP-1 therapies (Semaglutide and Tirzepatide) on IgG glycans and biological age. TITLE: Biological and Ovarian Aging in Women Undergoing IVF DESCRIPTION: Investigating whether IgG glycosylation patterns and biological age can track ovarian aging in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). TITLE: Impact of Thymus Bioregulator Peptide on Biological Age DESCRIPTION: Investigating the 3-month impact of thymus peptide on IgG glycans and biological age. Glycan Research Case Studies | GlycanAge Glycan research case studies on biological age and clinical interventions Explore completed and ongoing studies that use glycan analysis and GlycanAge to measure how hormones, diet, supplements, and therapies affect biological age. ACADEMIC AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERS Our Research Collaborations Our science is grounded in over three decades of glycan research led by Professor Gordan Lauc and realized through the work of our laboratory partner, Genos. The Genos team, together with academic collaborators, has published more than 350 peer-reviewed articles and analyzed over 300,000 samples, accounting for more than 80% of all high-throughput glycan analyses worldwide. This robust scientific foundation supports the GlycanAge test, with all analyses performed in Genos’s state-of-the-art laboratory to ensure the highest standards of rigor and expertise. Publications Book a discovery call ---------------------------------------- ## Clinical Studies: GlycanAge for Research TITLE: Academic and Research Institutions DESCRIPTION: Join a global network of researchers using glycomics to publish high-impact studies. We can support your work from grant applications to study design and data analysis. TITLE: Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies DESCRIPTION: Utilize GlycanAge as a sensitive biomarker in your clinical trials. Assess the impact of your interventions on systemic chronic inflammation and biological aging, gaining deeper insights into their mechanism of action. TITLE: Nutraceutical and Supplement Brands DESCRIPTION: Objectively demonstrate the efficacy of your products. Use our glycan analysis to generate robust data for R&D, validation studies, and marketing claims. TITLE: Government and Non-Profit Organizations DESCRIPTION: Incorporate GlycanAge into epidemiological studies and public health initiatives to better understand health trends and the impact of large-scale wellness interven-tions at a population level. TITLE: A Novel Biomarker for Chronic Inflammation and Biological Aging DESCRIPTION: Gain access to GlycanAge, a powerful and sensitive biomarker that reflects an individual\'s state of systemic, chronic inflammation. It provides a unique window into the aging process, often revealing changes long before they are visible through traditional markers. TITLE: Multiple Protocols Tailored to Your Research Needs DESCRIPTION: Whether you require a broad overview of the glycome or a deep dive into specific glycan structures associated with disease, we offer tailored analytical protocols. We can help you select the most relevant approach for your research questions and budget. TITLE: Flexible Sample Collection Options DESCRIPTION: Our methods support various sample types for maximum flexibility in your study design. We provide robust and easy-to-use kits for dried blood spot (DBS) collection—ideal for decentralized trials and large cohorts—as well as protocols for plasma and serum samples. TITLE: High-Throughput Analysis with State-of-the-Art Technology DESCRIPTION: We offer high-throughput glycan profiling using state-of-the-art technology, ensuring high precision, reproducibility, and data quality. Our validated methods support projects of any scale, from small pilot studies to large clinical cohorts. TITLE: Comprehensive Support from Study Design to Publication DESCRIPTION: Consider us an extension of your team. We offer expert consultation on study design, cohort sizing, and ethics committee submissions. Once your data is ready, we provide support in data interpretation and can collaborate on manuscript preparation and publication. TITLE: Evaluate Interventions and Therapies DESCRIPTION: Objectively measure the impact of pharmacological treatments, supplements, lifestyle protocols, or other interventions on biological aging and chronic inflammation. Track how individuals respond over time to determine efficacy and personalize treatments. TITLE: Population Health and Biomarker Discovery DESCRIPTION: Analyse glycan profiles across large cohorts to identify novel biomarkers related to disease risk, progression, and resilience. Enable stratification of populations based on glycan profiles to support epidemiological research and precision health. TITLE: Targeted Health and Longevity Research DESCRIPTION: Investigate the role of glycans in specific areas of health, from immunity and cardiovascular health to women's health and menopause. Use glycans to assess interventions designed to slow aging, extend healthspan, and optimize longevity outcomes. A Complete Solution for Glycomic Research | GlycanAge A next-gen biomarker Why Include Glycans in Your Research? Glycans are modifiable biomarkers of low-grade systemic inflammation , making them a valuable tool for assessing how lifestyle and medical interventions, including protocols, supplements, and medications, influence the immune system. Due to their biological relevance, disease-specific patterns, and responsiveness to interventions, glycans hold immense potential as biomarkers of health and disease that add valuable insights to your research. Book a discovery call Learn more ACADEMIC AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERS Our Research Collaborations We collaborate with leading academic institutions and pioneering health companies worldwide. Our academic partners contribute to foundational research, supporting the validation and further development of glycan-based biomarkers. At the same time, our clinical and commercial collaborators help translate these scientific insights into practical applications, enabling data-driven approaches to improving health. Book a discovery call ACADEMIC AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERS Our Research Collaborations Powered by: Our science is grounded in over three decades of glycan research led by Professor Gordan Lauc and realized through the work of our laboratory partner, Genos. The Genos team, together with academic collaborators, has published more than 300 peer-reviewed articles and analyzed over 200,000 samples, accounting for more than 80% of all high-throughput glycan analyses worldwide. This robust scientific foundation supports the GlycanAge test, with all analyses performed in Genos’s state-of-the-art laboratory to ensure the highest standards of rigor and expertise. Publications Book a discovery call ---------------------------------------- ## Product Guides: Personal Use DESCRIPTION: Biological age test measuring chronic inflammation via IgG glycosylation, with personalized reporting and specialist interpretation. TITLE: Go Deeper Than Routine Bloodwork DESCRIPTION: Most blood tests give you a snapshot. GlycanAge shows you the bigger picture-how your immune system is aging and whether silent inflammation is putting your health at risk, years before symptoms appear. TITLE: Measure Progress, Not Just Numbers DESCRIPTION: GlycanAge changes in response to your health choices. From hormone therapy to supplements, training, or recovery—GlycanAge helps you see if your interventions are moving the needle. TITLE: Make Prevention Possible DESCRIPTION: GlycanAge helps you understand what’s driving your aging—so you can target the right root causes. No more one-size-fits-all advice. Just clear, actionable insights tailored to your biology. TITLE: Order Your Test Kit Online DESCRIPTION: Purchase directly from our website—we ship internationally. TITLE: Collect & Send Your Sample DESCRIPTION: Just 4 drops of blood from a quick finger-prick. Return your sample using the provided envelope. TITLE: Receive Your Personalized Report DESCRIPTION: Get a detailed breakdown of your biological age, inflammatory profile and contributing factors. TITLE: Book Your Result Interpretation Call DESCRIPTION: Schedule a call to discuss your results and get personalized recommendations from our longevity specialists. TITLE: Make Informed Lifestyle Adjustments DESCRIPTION: Based on your results and our recommendations, implement targeted lifestyle changes. TITLE: Monitor & Adjust Your Approach DESCRIPTION: Retest to track changes in your inflammatory profile. Refine your strategy and access extra support if needed. TITLE: Comprehensive Biological Age Report DESCRIPTION: Receive a detailed report explaining your inflammatory profile and recommendations on how to improve. TITLE: Personal Online Dashboard DESCRIPTION: Access your report and track your biological age over time—all in one place. TITLE: Personalized Result Interpretation Call DESCRIPTION: Review your results 1-on-1 with a GlycanAge specialist to build a tailored action plan based on your unique data. TITLE: Continuous Longevity Guidance DESCRIPTION: Book additional sessions with our longevity specialists to optimize your long-term health journey. DESCRIPTION: I’d like to see more people using the GlycanAge test to find out if their lifestyle is working for them or not. There’s no better way to understand systemic body-wide inflammation like there is with GlycanAge. It gives you far more insight than you can get from a regular blood test. In my case, it helped me realise I was too stressed. It also helped me realize that eating a diversity of plants is really good for me. DESCRIPTION: I’m 61 and my GlycanAge is 58. I loved the consultation with the specialist, she explained everything and gave me some great advice—to include more strength training in my workout routine, start taking specific supplements and check my vitamin D levels. DESCRIPTION: The first time I tested, I was 56 (chronologically) and my result was 45. I just started taking HRT and was told that it might affect my results positively even further. I waited 4 years and tested again on my 60th birthday and got an even better result—35. When I spoke with the GlycanAge specialists about my test results, we discussed that getting ‘biologically younger’ was most likely thanks to HRT, my healthy lifestyle, positive mindset and good relationships. DESCRIPTION: I remember vividly the moment when I opened my results, because I was shocked - I was 16 years older than my actual age. After some time I decided to take several blood tests, which then diagnosed me with a platelet disorder. I then realized that GlycanAge had spotted this two years in advance and I didn’t pay enough attention to my first blood test. I am very happy with what GlycanAge gave me - a shift of perspective that made me look at my health differently, and made me take action proactively on something that I was taking for granted. DESCRIPTION: What if perhaps you could reverse type two diabetes or joint pain? What if your life depended on it like mine did? At what point are we going to put ourselves first? My rhetoric going forward is to invest in your present and future self. And one way you could do it is with the GlycanAge test. DESCRIPTION: Of our users highly recommend GlycanAge to friends & family DESCRIPTION: Of our users are extremely satisfied with their result interpretation calls DESCRIPTION: Average biological age reduction from repeat testing, as a result of our guidance Discover & Improve Your Biological Age | GlycanAge GlycanAge for personal use At-home biological age testing from a simple blood sample GlycanAge measures your biological age by analyzing chronic inflammation—a key driver of aging and long-term health risks. It’s the only test that shows how your body responds to stress, lifestyle changes, and medical interventions. By understanding your unique inflammatory profile, you can make targeted lifestyle changes that support healthier, longer living. Order your GlycanAge test FAQ Understanding your results Featured by: Continue your Journey GLYCAN ANALYSIS A Revolutionary Approach to Preventative Health An Innovative Biomarker We analyze glycans on immunoglobulin G (IgG). These molecules reflect how chronic inflammation is affecting your aging and long-term health risks. Glycans respond to changes in both lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions making them a powerful biomarker for health management and guiding prevention. More science Reflects chronic inflammation Indicates biological age Responds to health changes within 6-12 months Supports early intervention and prevention 30+ Years of Research GlycanAge is built on decades of glycoscience and over 350 peer-reviewed publications. We follow rigorous lab standards to ensure accuracy you can trust. CLIA-certified laboratory Triplicate sample analysis Exceptionally stable biomarker - ±1 year error margin 30+ years of research 350+ scientific publications Order your GlycanAge test ---------------------------------------- ## Product Guides: Healthcare Providers DESCRIPTION: Biological age testing for clinics: IgG glycan-based inflammatory aging biomarker with provider workflow and reporting. TITLE: Longevity Medicine Specialist BIO: As a leading physician in age management medicine, Joseph uses advanced diagnostics like GlycanAge to create personalized, proactive healthcare programs that extend patient healthspan. FULLBIO: Dr. Joseph Raffaele is an internationally recognized expert in age-management medicine. A former assistant professor of medicine at Dartmouth Medical School, he has been exclusively focused on longevity science since 1997. He founded Raffaele Medical to offer a comprehensive, science-based approach to healthy aging. Dr. Raffaele is dedicated to using the latest molecular and physiological biomarkers—including genomics, metabolomics, and glycomics—to gain a deep understanding of a patient's aging process. His clinical practice emphasizes data-driven interventions, including nutrition, hormone optimization, and lifestyle changes, to help patients mitigate age-related disease risk and optimize their quality of life. TITLE: Professor of Medicine & Gerontology BIO: A global leader in geroscience and healthy longevity, Andrea translates large-scale clinical research into evidence-based precision geromedicine. FULLBIO: Professor Andrea B. Maier, MD PhD, is Oon Chiew Seng Professor in Medicine at the National University of Singapore and Professor of Gerontology at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. She is an internationally recognized authority in human cohort studies and randomized controlled trials, with more than 490 peer-reviewed publications. Her work has informed global healthy ageing policy through advisory roles with organizations including the World Health Organization. Professor Maier co-founded the NUS Academy for Healthy Longevity to advance research, education, and clinical translation in geroscience. To bring the highest level of evidence-based precision geromedicine into practice, she founded Chi Longevity, Asia’s first evidence-based precision geromedicine clinics. TITLE: Functional Medicine Expert BIO: As a functional medicine expert, Mark focuses on treating the root cause of disease, using lifestyle interventions to combat the chronic inflammation that accelerates aging. FULLBIO: Dr. Mark Sherwood is a leader in functional and integrative medicine and the co-founder of the Functional Medical Institute in Tulsa, Oklahoma. With a background as a former professional tennis player and a 24-year veteran of the Tulsa Police Department, he brings a unique perspective on resilience and peak performance to his medical practice. His approach is centered on the core tenets of functional medicine: treating the individual, not just the symptoms. He utilizes comprehensive diagnostic testing to uncover the underlying causes of health issues, with a particular focus on how chronic inflammation drives disease. Dr. Sherwood is also a best-selling author and host of a televised wellness program, dedicated to educating the public on how to achieve optimal health through lifestyle choices. TITLE: Pioneer in Clinical Longevity & Regenerative Medicine BIO: A leading physician in regenerative medicine, Dr. Killen translates complex longevity science into clinical practice, guiding her patients to optimize their healthspan. FULLBIO: Dr. Amy B. Killen, M.D., is a leading physician in regenerative medicine, sexual medicine, and hormone optimization. A board-certified emergency physician turned longevity specialist, she combines cutting-edge treatments, such as stem cell therapy, hormone optimization, and peptides, with practical lifestyle wisdom at her clinics in Utah, Florida, and Texas, while sharing her expertise through international speaking engagements and educational content creation. Dr. Killen is the Co-founder and Chief Medical Officer of Humanaut Health, a longevity clinic franchise, and founder of the Human Optimization Project (HOP), a female-focused supplement company. TITLE: Longevity & Emotional Health Physician BIO: Known as “Dr Tam,” she blends longevity medicine with neuroscience and emotional health, helping patients build resilience and regulate their biology through the Wellgevity® Method. FULLBIO: Dr. Tamsin Lewis — known as Dr Tam — is a physician and longevity expert whose work integrates neuroscience, functional medicine, and emotional wellbeing. A graduate of King’s College London with a BSc in Neuroscience and the Biology of Ageing, she is a Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and a founding trustee of the British Society for Lifestyle Medicine. She is the Founder and Medical Director of Wellgevity®, where she leads a personalised, diagnostics-driven approach to longevity focused on nervous-system regulation and resilience. Clinically, she consults at Reborne Longevity in London, offering integrative programmes that combine biomarkers, brain-body synchrony, and evidence-based recovery practices. Dr Tam also advises several health and longevity organisations, including Humanity, Wild.Ai, GlycanAge, Core Vitals, and Diome, helping advance emotionally intelligent, data-driven approaches to healthspan optimisation. TITLE: Pioneer in Glycobiology & Founder of Genos BIO: A world-renowned glycobiology pioneer, Gordan established the link between glycans, chronic inflammation, and biological age, forming the scientific foundation of GlycanAge. FULLBIO: Professor Gordan Lauc is a global leader in the field of glycobiology and the founder of Genos, the research-intensive company that performs the glycan analysis for GlycanAge. He is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Zagreb and a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars. With over two decades of experience and more than 200 published scientific papers, his work has been instrumental in shifting the understanding of glycans from a niche field to a critical component of personalized medicine. He leads the Human Glycome Project and coordinates several large international research programs that analyze the glycomes of populations worldwide, uncovering how lifestyle and environment influence our glycans, inflammation levels, and overall health. TITLE: Molecular Biologist & Epigeneticist BIO: An expert in molecular biology and epigenetics, Vlatka researches how our lifestyle choices directly alter glycan patterns, thereby influencing our rate of biological aging. FULLBIO: Professor Vlatka Zoldoš heads the Laboratory for Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics at the Department of Biology, University of Zagreb. Her work is at the cutting edge of understanding how environmental factors and lifestyle choices can alter gene expression—a field known as epigenetics—and how this in turn regulates protein glycosylation. Her research provides a crucial link between our daily habits and our molecular health, explaining how positive changes can lead to measurable improvements in our glycan profile and, consequently, our biological age. She has authored numerous high-impact scientific papers on the interplay between epigenetics and the glycome. TITLE: Personalized & Regenerative Medicine Pioneer BIO: As a pioneer in personalized and regenerative medicine, Dragan champions the use of molecular biomarkers, including glycans, to deliver precise and individualized healthcare strategies. FULLBIO: Professor Dragan Primorac has a distinguished and multifaceted career as a physician, forensic scientist, and leader in healthcare innovation. He is the founder of St. Catherine Specialty Hospital in Croatia, a certified European center of excellence. A former Minister of Science, Education and Sports for the Republic of Croatia, he has been instrumental in advancing science and medicine in the region. His clinical and research interests are focused on personalized and regenerative medicine, particularly in using cutting-edge genetic, proteomic, and glycomic data to inform patient care. He has held appointments at several universities, including Penn State University and the University of New Haven, and is a co-founder of the International Society for Applied Biological Sciences. TITLE: Genetic Epidemiologist & Microbiome Expert BIO: A world-leading expert on the gut microbiome and personalized nutrition, Tim's research explores how diet and lifestyle interact to influence inflammation and long-term health. FULLBIO: Professor Tim Spector is a Professor of Genetic Epidemiology at King’s College London and a leading expert on the human microbiome. For over 25 years, he has directed the UK Twin Registry, one of the world\'s most detailed clinical studies of twins, providing invaluable insights into the genetic and environmental factors behind complex diseases. He is the co-founder of ZOE, a personalized nutrition company that uses data science to help individuals understand their unique biological responses to food. Professor Spector is one of the most cited scientists in the world and the best-selling author of books like "The Diet Myth" and "Spoon-Fed," which challenge conventional views on nutrition and empower people to make better food choices for their health and longevity. TITLE: Pharmacologist & Molecular Biologist BIO: As a top glycobiology researcher from Johns Hopkins, Ronald's work has uncovered how glycans on cell surfaces regulate the immune system and inflammatory responses. FULLBIO: Dr. Ronald Schnaar is a Professor of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he has been a faculty member for over four decades. He is a past president of the Society for Glycobiology and a recognized authority on the function of glycans in cell-to-cell communication. His laboratory's research has provided fundamental insights into how glycan-binding proteins (lectins) recognize specific glycan structures to control key biological processes, from immune surveillance to nerve cell development. His work has illuminated the molecular basis for how disruptions in these interactions can lead to inflammatory diseases, providing a critical scientific perspective to the GlycanAge advisory board. TITLE: Stand Out with Breakthrough Science in Preventative Health DESCRIPTION: Most practices rely on standard blood tests that miss early signs of chronic inflammation and immune aging. GlycanAge goes deeper, offering unique, science-backed insights that help you tailor your care. TITLE: Strengthen Patient Retention with Tracking Through Time DESCRIPTION: GlycanAge testing over time shows patients how their health is evolving—helping them connect the dots between your guidance and real results. This ongoing feedback loop keeps clients engaged, supports adherence, and drives return visits. TITLE: Achieve Measurable Impact with Confidence DESCRIPTION: Use GlycanAge to guide the interventions and recommendations that drive real results. Our reports translate complex science into clear, actionable insights—helping you deliver better outcomes, build trust, and elevate the care you provide. TITLE: One Metric of Overall Health DESCRIPTION: Provide clients with their biological age—a single, powerful metric that effectively communicates their current health status. It’s a relatable starting point that motivates change and simplifies tracking progress. TITLE: Five Key Health Indexes DESCRIPTION: Go deeper than a single number. Our five indexes of pro- and anti-inflammatory glycans give you specific directionality to guide dietary, lifestyle, and hormonal or other health interventions with greater precision. TITLE: Insights Into Various Conditions DESCRIPTION: Access exclusive insights on how a client's glycan patterns overlap with conditions linked to chronic inflammation. While not diagnostic, this data is invaluable for building proactive wellness strategies. TITLE: Influencing Factor Analysis DESCRIPTION: Understand the "why" behind the results. We provide analysis of common lifestyle and biomarker factors that influence glycan health, helping you pinpoint the most effective levers for client improvement. Biological Age Testing for Healthcare Providers | GlycanAge GLYCANAGE FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS Standard Blood Work Only Scratches the Surface. GlycanAge goes on a deeper level by testing a single, yet important biomarker. Chronic inflammation is a key driver of aging and disease, yet it often goes undetected for years before a disease onsets. Measure it at the molecular level with GlycanAge’s biological age test to create more effective, proactive health strategies for your clients. Learn more Sign up as a Provider WHAT ARE GLYCANS? An Innovative Biomarker We analyze glycans on immunoglobulin G (IgG). These molecules reflect how chronic inflammation is affecting your aging and long-term health risks. Glycans respond to changes in both lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions making them a powerful biomarker for health management and guiding prevention. More science Reflects chronic inflammation Indicates biological age Responds to health changes within 6-12 months Supports early intervention and prevention PUBLISHED IN LEADING SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS 30+ Years of Research GlycanAge is built on decades of glycoscience and over 300 peer-reviewed publications. We follow rigorous lab standards to ensure accuracy you can trust. CLIA-certified laboratory Triplicate sample analysis Exceptionally stable biomarker with ±1 year error margin Over 350+ scientific publications Over 30 years of research OUR RESEARCH WITH LEADING INSTITUTIONS We Are On the Forefront of Scientific Research Together With Explore our 350+ scientific peer-reviewed publications and the pioneering research we've been driving. Scientific Research JOIN THE NETWORK Trusted By Leading Longevity & Functional Clinics Join a network of forward-thinking professionals who are using GlycanAge to enhance their services & support their clients on a deeper level. Sign up as a Provider BUILT FOR YOUR PRACTICE Designed for Forward-Thinking Clinics GlycanAge is built to seamlessly integrate with a wide range of innovative health practices. We empower practitioners to move beyond standard diagnostics, offering a deeper understanding of chronic inflammation and biological aging to help you deliver superior, data-driven outcomes for your clients. Functional Medicine Practices Longevity and Anti-Aging Clinics Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Clinics Integrative Medicine Clinics Aesthetic and Wellness Centers Concierge Practices Preventive Health Clinics, Executive Health Programs, Naturopathic Clinics, High-Performance and Sports Medicine Clinics, Mind-Body or Somatic Therapy Centers HOW IT WORKS From a Simple Test to Measurable Results & Action Order Test Kits Order test kits easily via our self-service dashboard. Collect Your Client’s Sample Perform a simple finger-prick blood spot test. Access the Results Receive a detailed report of insight and get support with results interpretation. Consult Your Client Based on the findings so far, consult your client and create a follow-up action plan. NEW FEATURE Your Own Personal GlycanAge AI Coach 24/7 access to our synthesized knowledge base Trained on our research, science, and report conclusions Provides efficient and accurate support Integrates client context and external test data Translates complex glycan data into actionable client steps Generates structured consultation follow-up summaries PRICE & PLANS Exclusive Provider Pricing Our provider pricing structure is designed to provide your practice with significant value and flexibility. We are committed to supporting your integration of GlycanAge and helping you achieve your clients’ health goals through accessible, provider-focused rates. Save & Scale Benefit from reduced pricing as your order volumes increase. Our tiered structure is designed to enhance your practice's financial advantage as our partnership develops. Tailored Partnership Agreements We understand that every practice has unique needs. We are open to discussing tailored pricing solutions and partnership terms for larger volume commitments or specific collaboration opportunities. Request a call Sign up as a Provider STAY UPDATED Join Our Mailing List From studies, research, grants to all things glycoscience, longevity, and the science of aging. Exclusively made for healthcare providers. Subscribe ---------------------------------------- ## Clinical Studies: Research Matrix CLINICAL STUDIES DATABASE STUDY: A catalogue of omics biological ageing clocks reveals substantial commonality and associations with disease risk LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35073279/ STUDY: Global variability of the human IgG glycome LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7467356/ STUDY: Glycans Are a Novel Biomarker of Chronological and Biological Ages LINK: https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/69/7/779/662651?login=true STUDY: Glycosylation and ageing LINK: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_17 STUDY: Glycosylation Biomarkers Associated with Age-Related Diseases and Current Methods for Glycan Analysis LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/11/5788/htm STUDY: Heritability of the glycan clock of biological age LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2022.982609/full#:~:text=Heritability%20estimate%20for%20the%20glycan,A)%20to%20glycan%20clock%20variation. STUDY: IgG Glycans as a Biomarker of Biological Age LINK: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-24970-0_7 STUDY: Immunoglobulin G glycans – Biomarkers and molecular effectors of aging LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35970404/ STUDY: Immunoglobulin G glycosylation in aging and diseases LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#b0150 STUDY: N-glycomic biomarkers of biological aging and longevity: A link with inflammaging LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163712000098 STUDY: N-Glycosylation Patterns across the Age-Related Macular Degeneration Spectrum LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35335137/ STUDY: Profiling IgG N-glycans as potential biomarker of chronological and biological ages LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4956791/ STUDY: Profiling of IgG N-glycome during mouse aging: Fucosylated diantennary glycans containing one Neu5Gc-linked LacNAc are associated with age LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891889/ STUDY: Systems glycobiology: immunoglobulin G glycans as biomarkers and functional effectors in aging and diseases LINK: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marija-Pezer/publication/348912705_Systems_Glycobiology_Immunoglobulin_G_Glycans_as_Biomarkers_and_Functional_Effectors_in_Aging_and_Diseases/links/60658fd6299bf1252e1d8011/Systems-Glycobiology-Immunoglobulin-G-Glycans-as-Biomarkers-and-Functional-Effectors-in-Aging-and-Diseases.pdf STUDY: A comparative analysis of disease-associated changes in the galactosylation of serum IgG LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1010 STUDY: A detailed lectin analysis of IgG glycosylation, demonstrating disease specific changes in terminal galactose and N-acetylglucosamine LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9080302/ STUDY: Abberant Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation in Rheumatoid Arthritis by LTQ-ESI-MS LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192063/ STUDY: Aberrant IgG galactosylation precedes disease onset, correlates with disease activity, and is prevalent in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20506563/ STUDY: Abnormal galactosylation of serum IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and members of families with high frequency of autoimmune diseases. LINK: https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302151 STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG [Gal(o)]–an analysis of its clinical utility in the long-term follow-up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8948290/ STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG and Antibody Specificity in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Tuberculosis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Myasthenia Gravis LINK: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/08916939508995306 STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG and materno-fetal transmission of autoimmune neonatal lupus LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1420 STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG in pristane-induced arthritis. Pregnancy affects the incidence and severity of arthritis and the glycosylation status of IgG LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1516259/ STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG is elevated in patients with active spondyloarthropathy LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1425 STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG: an aid to differential diagnosis in early synovitis LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/art.1780341113 STUDY: Alterations in carbohydrate composition of serum IgG from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from pregnant women LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3355256/ STUDY: Altered glycosylation of complexed native IgG molecules is associated with disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus LINK: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09612033145588611 STUDY: An overview of autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911013/ STUDY: Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies acquire a pro-inflammatory Fc glycosylation phenotype prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/74/1/234.full.pdf?with-ds=yes STUDY: Association between Galactosylation of Immunoglobulin G and Improvement of Rheumatoid Arthritis during Pregnancy Is Independent of Sialylation LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/pr400589m STUDY: Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarhritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/316452a0 STUDY: Association of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Decreased Immunosuppressive Potential of the IgG Glycome LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/art.39273 STUDY: Autoantibody activity of IgG rheumatoid factor increases with decreasing levels of galactosylation and sialylation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11011144/ STUDY: Baseline IgG-Fc N-glycosylation profile is associated with long-term outcome in a cohort of early infammatory arthritis patients LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36008868/ STUDY: Baseline IgG-Fc N-glycosylation profile is associated with long-term outcome in a cohort of early inflammatory arthritis patients LINK: https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13075-022-02897-5 STUDY: Changes in IgG glycoform levels are associated with remission of arthritis during pregnancy LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1797027/ STUDY: Changes in normal glycosylation mechanisms in autoimmune rheumatic disease LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442952/ STUDY: Changes of glycosylation of IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26876088/ STUDY: Changes of IgG N-Glycosylation in Thyroid Autoimmunity: The Modulatory Effect of Methimazole in Graves' Disease and the Association With the Severity of Inflammation in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370997/ STUDY: Characterization of changes in IgG associated oligosaccharide profiles in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis using fluorophore linked carbohydrate electrophoresis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11469458/ STUDY: Characterization of IgG glycosylation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MSn and capillary electrophoresis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28397166/ STUDY: Decreased Immunoglobulin G Core Fucosylation, A Player in Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity, is Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196582/ STUDY: Deficient galactosylation of serum IgG in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with disease activity LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0970 STUDY: Differential glycosylation of polyclonal IgG, IgG-Fc and IgG-Fab isolated from the sera of patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0125 STUDY: Distribution of abnormal IgG glycosylation patterns from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients by MALDI-TOF-MSn LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30714583/ STUDY: Early agalactosylation of IgG is associated with a more progressive disease course in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a follow-up study LINK: https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/33.1.36 STUDY: Effect of infliximab on the glycosylation of IgG of patients with rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcla.20191 STUDY: Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34544801/ STUDY: Endoglycosidase treatment abrogates IgG arthritogenicity: importance of IgG glycosylation in arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17899548/ STUDY: Extensive glycosylation of ACPA-IgG variable domains modulates binding to citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206598 STUDY: Fucosylation and galactosylation of IgG heavy chains differ between acute and remission phases of juvenile chronic arthritis LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0155 STUDY: Functional analysis of agalactosyl IgG in inflammatory bowel disease patients LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0985 STUDY: Galactosylation and sialylation levels of IgG predict relapse in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1005 STUDY: Galactosylation of IgG associated oligosaccharides: Reduction in patients with adult and juvenile onset Rheumatoid Arthritis and relation to disease activity LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91781-3 STUDY: Galactosylation of IgG from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients – changes during therapy LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17006638/ STUDY: Glycan Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Remission Status in Han Chinese Patients LINK: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2016.0050 STUDY: Glycan profiling of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies isolated from human serum and synovial fluid LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0280 STUDY: Glycosylation Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis Show Increased Proinflammatory Potential LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599553/ STUDY: Glycosylation as a marker for inflammatory arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24643039/ STUDY: Glycosylation changes of IgG associated with rheumatoid arthritis can activate complement via the mannose-binding protein LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/nm0395-237 STUDY: Glycosylation in Autoimmune Diseases LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495537/ STUDY: Glycosylation of random IgG distinguishes seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733234/ STUDY: Glycosylation pattern of anti-platelet IgG is stable during pregnancy and predicts clinical outcome in alloimmune thrombocytopenia LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27017954/ STUDY: Hypogalactosylation of serum IgG in patients with coeliac disease LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12930370/ STUDY: IgG Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Variable Domain Glycosylation Increases Before the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stabilizes Thereafter: A Cross-Sectional Study Encompassing ~1,500 Samples LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35188715/ STUDY: IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Changes in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/pr1004373 STUDY: IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Translates MHCII Haplotype into Autoimmune Skin Disease LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32653301/ STUDY: IgG N-glycosylation from Patients with Pemphigus Treated with Rituximab LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/8/1774 STUDY: Immunoglobulin G galactosylation and sialylation are associated with pregnancy-induced improvement of rheumatoid arthritis and the postpartum flare: results from a large prospective cohort study LINK: https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar2892 STUDY: Investigation of the causal relationships between human IgG N-glycosylation and 12 common diseases associated with changes in the IgG N-glycome LINK: https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article-abstract/31/10/1545/6428118 STUDY: Loci associated with N-glycosylation of human IgG are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a Mendelian randomisation study LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26386125/ STUDY: Longitudinal Pathogenic Properties and N-Glycosylation Profile of Antibodies from Patients with Pemphigus after Corticosteroid Treatment LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1411 STUDY: Low galactosylation of IgG associates with higher risk for future diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis during 10 years of follow-up LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092544391830098X STUDY: Measuring decreased serum IgG sialylation: a novel clinical biomarker of lupus LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1530 STUDY: Multiple juvenile idiopathic arthritis subtypes demonstrate proinflammatory IgG glycosylation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22549726/ STUDY: N-Linked Glycans in the Variable Domain of IgG Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies Predict the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.40920 STUDY: On the presence of HLA-SE alleles and ACPA-IgG variable domain glycosylation in the phase preceding the development of rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31471298/ STUDY: Patients with anti-Jo1 antibodies display a characteristic IgG Fc-glycan profile which is further enhanced in anti-Jo1 autoantibodies LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30560888/ STUDY: Patients with IgG1-anti-red blood cell autoantibodies show aberrant Fc-glycosylation LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-08654-y STUDY: Phytoestrogens protect joints in collagen induced arthritis by increasing IgG glycosylation and reducing osteoclast activation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32172207/ STUDY: Pro-inflammatory pattern of IgG1 Fc glycosylation in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid LINK: https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-015-0450-1 STUDY: Raised agalactosyl IgG and antimycobacterial humoral immunity in Takayasu's arteritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7837153/ STUDY: Reduction in IgG galactose in juvenile and adult onset rheumatoid arthritis measured by a lectin binding method and its relation to rheumatoid factor LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1395 STUDY: Regulated glycosylation patterns of IgG during alloimmune responses against human platelet antigens LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1130 STUDY: Rheumatic disease differentiation using immunoglobulin G sugar printing by high density electrophoresis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14719191/ STUDY: Role of aberrant IgG glycosylation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1410 STUDY: Serum Protein N-Glycosylation Changes with Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity during and after Pregnancy LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2017.00241/full STUDY: Sialylation levels of anti-proteinase 3 antibodies are associated with the activity of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb0980 STUDY: Sialylation of anti-histone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies determines their capabilities to participate in the clearance of late apoptotic cells LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1065 STUDY: Skewed Fc glycosylation profiles of anti-proteinase 3 immunoglobulin G1 autoantibodies from granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients show low levels of bisection, galactosylation, and sialylation LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1060 STUDY: Sugar printing rheumatic diseases: a potential method for disease differentiation using immunoglobulin G oligosaccharides LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/1529-0131(199908)42:8%3C1682::AID-ANR17%3E3.0.CO;2-X STUDY: Targeting B cells in the pre-phase of systemic autoimmunity globally interferes with autoimmune pathology LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34585117/ STUDY: The B cell response to citrullinated antigents in the development of rheumatoid arhritis LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1038/nrrheum.2018.10 STUDY: The changes in monosaccharide composition of immunoglobulin G in the course of rheumatoid arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16897114/ STUDY: The pathogenicity of Anti-beta2GP1-IgG autoantibodies depends on Fc glycosylation LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1535 STUDY: The relationship between exposed galactose and N-acetylglucosamine residues on IgG in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8697643/ STUDY: The Role of IgG Fc Region N-Glycosylation in the Pathomechanism of Rheumatoid Arthritis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35628640/ STUDY: Human-specific features and developmental dynamics of the brain N-glycome LINK: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.11.523525v1 STUDY: The dynamic brain N‐glycome LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35334027/ STUDY: A comprehensive analysis of subclass-specific IgG glycosylation in colorectal cancer progression by nanoLC-MS/MS LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1039/D0AN00369G STUDY: Aberrant glycosylation of the anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich glycotope immunoglobulin G in gastric cancer patients LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23801858/ STUDY: Aberrant N-Glycosylation Profile of Serum Immunoglobulins is a Diagnostic Biomarker of Urothelial Carcinomas LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/12/2632 STUDY: Advances in the discovery of novel biomarkers for cancer: spotlight on protein N-glycosylation LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.2217/bmm-2020-0185 STUDY: Analysis of the Oligosaccharide Chain of Human Serum Immunoglobulin G in Patients with Localized or Metastatic Cancer LINK: https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/79484 STUDY: Association of IgG Glycosylation and Esophageal Precancerosis Beyond Inflammation LINK: https://aacrjournals.org/cancerpreventionresearch/article/14/3/347/47792/Association-of-IgG-Glycosylation-and-Esophageal STUDY: Capillary electrophoresis analysis of N-glycosylation changes of serum paraproteins in multiple myeloma LINK: https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/elps.201700006 STUDY: Causal link between immunoglobulin G glycosylation and cancer: A potential glycobiomarker for early tumor detection LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0008874921000010 STUDY: Change in IgG1 Fc N-linked glycosylation in human lung cancer: Age- and sex-related diagnostic potential LINK: https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/elps.201200455 STUDY: Change of fucosylated IgG2 Fc-glycoforms in pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a promising disease-classification model LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-013-7439-3 STUDY: Characterization of IgG N-glycome profile in colorectal cancer progression by MALDI-TOF-MS LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874391918301854 STUDY: Comprehensive analysis of human IgG Fc N-glycopeptides and construction of a screening model for colorectal cancer LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874391919303884 STUDY: Diagnostic Potential of Plasma IgG N-glycans in Discriminating Thyroid Cancer from Benign Thyroid Nodules and Healthy Controls LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34476207/ STUDY: Disease-specific IgG Fc N-glycosylation as personalized biomarkers to differentiate gastric cancer from benign gastric diseases LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep25957# STUDY: Dynamic alterations in serum IgG N-glycan profiles in the development of colitis-associated colon Cancer in mouse model LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030441652030180X STUDY: Exploring serum and immunoglobulin G N-glycome as diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of breast cancer in Ethiopian women LINK: https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-019-5817-8 STUDY: Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of serum from patients with stomach cancer reveals potential markers arising from host defense response mechanisms LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21142185/ STUDY: Glycomic Signatures of Plasma IgG Improve Preoperative Prediction of the Invasiveness of Small Lung Nodules LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/1/28 STUDY: Glycosylation changes on serum glycoproteins in ovarian cancer may contribute to disease pathogenesis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19126966/ STUDY: Glycosylation of immunoglobin G in tumors: Function, regulation and clinical implications LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030438352200386X STUDY: Glycosylation of plasma IgG in colorectal cancer prognosis LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28098 STUDY: Glycosylation status of serum immunoglobulin G in patients with prostate diseases LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cam4.662 STUDY: High-Mannose Glycans are Elevated during Breast Cancer Progression LINK: https://www.mcponline.org/article/S1535-9476(20)31376-1/fulltext STUDY: Human IgG Fc-glycosylation profiling reveals associations with age, sex, female sex hormones and thyroid cancer LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S18743919120008022 STUDY: IgG Glycome in Colorectal Cancer LINK: https://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/clincanres/22/12/3078.full.pdf STUDY: Immunoglobulin G Fc N-glycan profiling in patients with gastric cancer by LC-ESI-MS: relation to tumor progression and survival LINK: https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-011-9364-z STUDY: Immunoglobulin G Subclass-Specific Glycosylation Changes in Primary Epithelial Ovarian Cancer LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00654/full STUDY: Metastases: the glycan connection LINK: https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr75 STUDY: N-glycan signatures identified in tumor interstitial fluid and serum of breast cancer patients: association with tumor biology and clinical outcome LINK: https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/1878-0261.12312 STUDY: N-Glycosylation in progression of skin cancer LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s12032-019-1270-4 STUDY: Ovarian Cancer is Associated with Changes in Glycosylation in Both Acute-Phase Proteins and IgG LINK: https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/17/12/1344/1988218 STUDY: Potential of MALDI-TOF-based serum N-glycan analysis for the diagnosis and surveillance of breast cancer LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76195-y STUDY: Prediction of neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer by serum IgG glycomics profiling LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12014-020-9267-8 STUDY: Presence of aberrant tumor-reactive immunoglobulins in the circulation of patients with ovarian cancer LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11277653/ STUDY: Profiling of isomer-specific IgG N-glycosylation in cohort of Chinese colorectal cancer patients LINK: https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304416519302995 STUDY: Quantitative Analysis of Serum IgG Galactosylation Assists Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/pr4003992 STUDY: Revealing the changes of IgG subclass-specific N-glycosylation in colorectal cancer progression by high-throughput assay LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/prca.202000022 STUDY: Serum immunoglobulin G Fc region N-glycosylation profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry can distinguish breast cancer patients from cancer-free controls LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X15311190 STUDY: Sialic acid methylation refines capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence analyses of immunoglobulin G N-glycans of ovarian cancer patients LINK: https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/elps.201300414 STUDY: The serum immunoglobulin G glycosylation signature of gastric cancer LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212968514000683 STUDY: Three Major Gastrointestinal Cancers Could Be Distinguished through Subclass-Specific IgG Glycosylation LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00572 STUDY: Total serum N-glycans associate with response to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy and survival in patients with advanced melanoma LINK: https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10511-3 STUDY: Altered N-glycosylation profiles as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diabetes LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215021/ STUDY: Association of the IgG N-glycome with the course of kidney function in type 2 diabetes LINK: https://drc.bmj.com/content/bmjdrc/8/1/e001026.full.pdf STUDY: Characteristics of purified anti-β2GPI IgG N-glycosylation associate with thrombotic, obstetric and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome LINK: https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-abstract/61/3/1243/6279103 STUDY: Children at onset of type 1 diabetes show altered N-glycosylation of plasma proteins and IgG LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-022-05703-8 STUDY: Classical galactosaemia: novel insights in IgG N-glycosylation and N-glycan biosynthesis LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/ejhg2015254 STUDY: Glycomics for Type 2 Diabetes Biomarker Discovery: Promise of Immunoglobulin G Subclass-Specific Fragment Crystallizable N-glycosylation in the Uyghur Population LINK: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2019.0052 STUDY: Glycosylation of IgG Associates with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity in the Chinese Muslim Ethnic Minorities and the Han Chinese LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/7/614 STUDY: Glycosylation Profile of IgG in Moderate Kidney Dysfunction LINK: https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/27/3/933.short STUDY: Glycosylation Profile of Immunoglobulin G Is Cross-Sectionally Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Two Independent Cohorts LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970566/ STUDY: Hyperuricemia is Associated with Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation: A Community-Based Study of Glycan Biomarkers LINK: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2019.0004 STUDY: Hyposialylated IgG activates endothelial IgG receptor FcγRIIB to promote obesity-induced insulin resistance LINK: https://www.jci.org/articles/view/89333 STUDY: IgG glycan patterns are associated with type 2 diabetes in independent European populations LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304416517302064 STUDY: IgG N-glycans are associated with prevalent and incident complications of type 2 diabetes LINK: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.03.15.22272417v1.full STUDY: IgG N-Glycosylation Galactose Incorporation Ratios for the Monitoring of Classical Galactosaemia LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26419375/ STUDY: IgG Receptor FcγRIIB Plays a Key Role in Obesity-Induced Hypertension LINK: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04670 STUDY: Increased central adiposity is associated with pro-inflammatory immunoglobulin G N-glycans LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S017129851830161X STUDY: Increased central adiposity is associated with pro-inflammatory immunoglobulin G N-glycans LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S017129851830161X STUDY: Multiomics Profiling Reveals Signatures of Dysmetabolism in Urban Populations in Central India LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34361920/ STUDY: N-Glycan Profile and Kidney Disease in Type 1 Diabetes LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146600/ STUDY: N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G predicts incident hypertension LINK: https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/Fulltext/2021/12000/N_glycosylation_of_immunoglobulin_G_predicts.24.aspx STUDY: N-Glycosylation Profiling of Human Blood in Type 2 Diabetes by Capillary Electrophoresis: A Preliminary Study LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770808/ STUDY: Next-Generation (Glycomic) Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Health: A Community-Based Study of Immunoglobulin G N -Glycans in a Chinese Han Population LINK: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334527044_Next-Generation_Glycomic_Biomarkers_for_Cardiometabolic_Health_A_Community-Based_Study_of_Immunoglobulin_G_N_-Glycans_in_a_Chinese_Han_Population STUDY: Plasma N-Glycans as Emerging Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Risk: A Prospective Investigation in the EPIC-Potsdam Cohort Study LINK: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/43/3/661/35648/Plasma-N-Glycans-as-Emerging-Biomarkers-of STUDY: Plasma N-glycome shows continuous deterioration as the diagnosis of insulin resistance approaches LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34518155/ STUDY: The association between galactosylation of immunoglobulin G and body mass index LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278584613001887?via%3Dihub STUDY: The Association Between Normal BMI With Central Adiposity And Proinflammatory Potential Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6861528/ STUDY: The association between subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycosylation profiles and hypertension in the Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Tajik populations LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-018-0071-0 STUDY: The changes of immunoglobulin G N-glycosylation in blood lipids and dyslipidaemia LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-018-1616-2 STUDY: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with the Immunoglobulin G N-Glycome through Putative Proinflammatory Mechanisms in an Australian Population LINK: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2019.0075 STUDY: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Integrative Analysis of Multiomics Data for Biomarker Discovery LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30004843/ STUDY: Variation of IgG N-linked glycosylation profile in diabetic retinopathy LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1753-0407.13160 STUDY: Changes in Serum IgG Glycosylation Patterns for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Patients LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36135436/ STUDY: Fucosylated AGP glycopeptides as biomarkers of HNF1A-Maturity onset diabetes of the young LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122907/ STUDY: IgG Glycosylation Profiling of Peripheral Artery Diseases with Lectin Microarray LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36233595// STUDY: Immunoglobulin G N-Glycans as Potential Postgenomic Biomarkers for Hypertension in the Kazakh Population LINK: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/omi.2017.0044 STUDY: Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Signatures in Incident Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease LINK: https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/45/11/2729/147697/Immunoglobulin-G-N-Glycosylation-Signatures-in STUDY: Protein N-Glycosylation in Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Risk Factors LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00264 STUDY: The Association Between Glycosylation of Immunoglobulin G and Hypertension LINK: https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/04260/the_association_between_glycosylation_of.11.aspx STUDY: IgG N-Glycosylation Is Altered in Coronary Artery Disease LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/2/375 STUDY: Associations between the serum levels of PFOS/PFOA and IgG N-glycosylation in adult or children LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749119372409 STUDY: Decreased Complexity of Serum N-glycan Structures Associates with Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31476300/ STUDY: Association between IgG N-glycans and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Han Chinese LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30025558/ STUDY: Changes of Serum IgG Glycosylation Patterns in Primary Biliary Cholangitis Patients LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34248947/ STUDY: Glycosylation of Immunoglobulin G Associates With Clinical Features of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29309774/ STUDY: High accuracy differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by immunoglobulin G glycosylation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30622446/ STUDY: Ig Glycosylation in Ulcerative Colitis: It's Time for New Biomarkers LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33897440/ STUDY: IgG oligosaccharide alterations are a novel diagnostic marker for disease activity and the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177457/ STUDY: Lectin-based immunoassay for aberrant IgG glycosylation as the biomarker for Crohn's disease LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23287897/ STUDY: IgG Fc N-Glycosylation in Guillain–Barré Syndrome Treated with Immunoglobulins LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/pr401213z STUDY: N-Glycosylation of Serum IgG and Total Glycoproteins in MAN1B1 Deficiency LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00709 STUDY: Loci Associated with N-Glycosylation of Human Immunoglobulin G Show Pleiotropy with Autoimmune Diseases and Haematological Cancers LINK: https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003225 STUDY: Developments and perspectives in high-throughput protein glycomics: enabling the analysis of thousands of samples LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35452121/ STUDY: High-Throughput Glycomic Methods LINK: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01031 STUDY: A Transient Expression System with Stably Integrated CRISPR-dCas9 Fusions for Regulation of Genes Involved in Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35021898/ STUDY: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Fcγ Receptor Binding of Homogeneous Glycoforms of Antibody Fc Domain. Presence of a Bisecting Sugar Moiety Enhances the Affinity of Fc to FcγIIIa Receptor LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3218234/ STUDY: Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G is regulated by a large network of genes pleiotropic with inflammatory diseases LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32128391/ STUDY: Glycosylation of Immunoglobulin G: Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Influences LINK: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082558 STUDY: High throughput isolation and glycosylation analysis of IgG-variability and heritability of the IgG glycome in three isolated human populations LINK: https://www.mcponline.org/article/S1535-9476(20)30145-6/fulltext STUDY: IgG glycosylation and DNA methylation are interconnected with smoking LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416517303410 STUDY: Minimal B Cell Extrinsic IgG Glycan Modifications of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory IgG Preparations in vivo LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.03024/full STUDY: Profiling and genetic control of the murine immunoglobulin G glycome LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-018-0034-3 STUDY: Subclass-specific IgG glycosylation is associated with markers of inflammation and metabolic health LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-12495-0 STUDY: The N-Glycosylation of Mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG)-Fragment Crystallizable Differs Between IgG Subclasses and Strains LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00608/full STUDY: Comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of immunoglobulin G from dried blood spots LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31410450/ STUDY: Translational glycobiology: from bench to bedside LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31526214/ STUDY: A Multi-Factorial Observational Study on Sequential Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Patients with Medically Refractory Clostridioides difficile Infection LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34831456/ STUDY: Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity LINK: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc8378 STUDY: Altered IgG glycosylation at COVID-19 diagnosis predicts disease severity LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eji.202149491 STUDY: Biomarkers of biological age as predictors of COVID-19 disease severity LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32268300/ STUDY: Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30707400/ STUDY: Changes in Antigen-specific IgG1 Fc N-glycosylation Upon Influenza and Tetanus Vaccination LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322571/ STUDY: Clinical Severity of Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Associated with Changes in Immunoglobulin G Fc N-Glycosylation LINK: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mBio.01844-14 STUDY: Composition of the immunoglobulin G glycome associates with the severity of COVID-19 LINK: https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/31/4/372/5970509 STUDY: Differences in IgG Fc Glycosylation Are Associated with Outcome of Pediatric Meningococcal Sepsis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921663/ STUDY: Frontline Science: Plasma and immunoglobulin G galactosylation associate with HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29633346/ STUDY: Fully galactosyl-fucosyl-bisected IgG1 reduces anti-HBV efficacy and liver histological improvement LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30611775/ STUDY: Heterogeneity in IgG-CD16 signaling in infectious disease outcomes LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35781671/ STUDY: IgG N-glycome changes during the course of severe COVID-19: An observational study LINK: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00282-1/fulltext STUDY: Increased Levels of Galactose-Deficient Anti-Gal Immunoglobulin G in the Sera of Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Individuals with Fibrosis and Cirrhosis LINK: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/JVI.01600-07 STUDY: N-glycosylation profiling of serum immunoglobulin in opisthorchiasis patients LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927111/ STUDY: Plasma and Antibody Glycomic Biomarkers of Time to HIV Rebound and Viral Setpoint LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7072000/ STUDY: Profile of Immunoglobulin G N-Glycome in COVID-19 Patients: A Case-Control Study LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8495247/ STUDY: Abnormal glycosylation of serum igg from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases LINK: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.1780310304 STUDY: Agalactosyl IgG in inflammatory bowel disease: correlation with C-reactive protein LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1136/gut.31.4.431 STUDY: Distinct Longitudinal Changes in Immunoglobulin G N-Glycosylation Associate with Therapy Response in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases LINK: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/15/8473 STUDY: Heterogeneity of IgG Glycosylation in Adult Periodontal Disease LINK: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/154405910508401005?journalCode=jdrb STUDY: High-throughput characterization of the functional impact of IgG Fc glycan aberrancy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis LINK: https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwx082 STUDY: Hypogalactosylation of serum IgG in patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12100039/ STUDY: IgG1 Fc N-glycan galactosylation as a biomarker for immune activation LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28207 STUDY: Inflammatory bowel disease - glycomics perspective LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304416519301643 STUDY: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associates with Proinflammatory Potential of the Immunoglobulin G Glycome LINK: https://academic.oup.com/ibdjournal/article/21/6/1237/4579323?login=true STUDY: Mass Spectrometric Determination of IgG Subclass-Specific Glycosylation Profiles in Siblings Discordant for Myositis Syndromes LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1021/pr200397h STUDY: N-Glycosylation and Inflammation; the Not-So-Sweet Relation LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.893365/full STUDY: Changes in IgG and total plasma protein glycomes in acute systemic inflammation LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep04347 STUDY: Association of Medication with the Human Plasma N-Glycome LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22256781/ STUDY: Changes in Specific Biomarkers Indicate Cardiac Adaptive and Anti-inflammatory Response of Repeated Recreational SCUBA Diving LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35360010/ STUDY: Changes in total plasma and serum N-glycome composition and patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31234 STUDY: Effects of low-calorie and different weight-maintenance diets on IgG glycome composition LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9535357/ STUDY: Effects of statins on the immunoglobulin G glycome LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304416517300831 STUDY: Estrogens regulate glycosylation of IgG in women and men LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5313059/ STUDY: Extensive weight loss reduces glycan age by altering IgG N-glycosylation LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-021-00816-3 STUDY: IgG-Fc glycosylation before and after rituximab treatment in immune thrombocytopenia LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32080262/ STUDY: Immunoglobulin G Fc N-glycosylation in Guillain-Barre syndrome treated with intravenous immunoglobulin LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874918303253?via%3Dihub#bb1450 STUDY: Immunoglobulin G fragment crystallizable glycosylation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is dissimilar to donor profiles LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01238/full STUDY: Intense Physical Exercise Induces an Anti-inflammatory Change in IgG N-Glycosylation Profile LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01522/full STUDY: Molecular Pathways Mediating Immunosuppression in Response to Prolonged Intensive Physical Training, Low-Energy Availability, and Intensive Weight Loss LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00907/full STUDY: Supplementation With the Sialic Acid Precursor N-Acetyl-D-Mannosamine Breaks the Link Between Obesity and Hypertension LINK: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043490 STUDY: Sweet SIGNs: IgG glycosylation leads the way in IVIG-mediated resolution of inflammation LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29300958/ STUDY: The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched hen eggs consumption on IgG and total plasma protein N-glycosylation in healthy individuals and cardiovascular patient LINK: https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/31/9/1163/6298470 STUDY: Total serum N-glycans associate with response to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy and survival in patients with advanced melanoma LINK: https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-023-10511-3 STUDY: Zinc supplementation decreases galactosylation of recombinant IgG in CHO cells LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-018-9064-8 STUDY: The Molecular Human – A Roadmap of Molecular Interactions Linking Multiomics Networks with Disease Endpoints LINK: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.10.31.22281758v1 STUDY: N-Glycan Analysis by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Fluorescent Labeling LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31517449/ STUDY: Searching for glycomic biomarkers for predicting resilience and vulnerability in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32666865/ STUDY: Association of dementia with immunoglobulin G N-glycans in a Chinese Han Population LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-021-00055-w# STUDY: Sialylated IgG-Fc: a novel biomarker of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25814494/ STUDY: The N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G as a novel biomarker of Parkinson's disease LINK: https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/27/5/501/3051947?login=true STUDY: Exploring Cerebrospinal Fluid IgG N-Glycosylation as Potential Biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-019-1482-9 STUDY: Expression Profile of Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation in Children With Epilepsy in Han Nationality LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35845609/ STUDY: IgG Fc N-glycosylation: Alterations in neurologic diseases and potential therapeutic target? LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0896841118304670 STUDY: Blood plasma IgG Fc glycans are significantly altered in Alzheimer's disease and progressive mild cognitive impairment LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24028868/ STUDY: Blood plasma/IgG N-glycome biosignatures associated with major depressive disorder symptom severity and the antidepressant response LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17500-0 STUDY: High-throughput rat immunoglobulin G N-glycosylation profiling revealed subclass-specific changes associated with chronic stress LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1874391921001925 STUDY: Ischemic stroke is associated with the pro-inflammatory potential of N-glycosylated immunoglobulin G LINK: https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-018-1161-1 STUDY: N-glycomic Profile in Combat Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31817821/ STUDY: Alternative glycosylation modulates function of IgG and other proteins—Implications on evolution and disease LINK: https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.004 STUDY: Changes in serum N-glycosylation profiles: functional significance and potential for diagnostics LINK: https://books.google.hr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ynIoDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA57&dq=IgG+N-glycosylation+cancer&ots=NhnArva4ri&sig=bwRq6nEPjGSzcfToA5zdPy7KmRA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=IgG%20N-glycosylation%20cancer&f=false STUDY: Chapter One - IgG N-glycans LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065242321000123 STUDY: COVID-19 severity determinants – modulating effect of environmental factors. LINK: https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/392188 STUDY: Differential antibody glycosylation in autoimmunity: sweet biomarker or modulator of disease activity? LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905852/ STUDY: Fc Glycan-Modulated Immunoglobulin G Effector Functions LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10875-014-0018-3 STUDY: Genomics and epigenomics of the human glycome LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10719-012-9397-y STUDY: Glycomic biomarkers are instrumental for suboptimal health status management in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35719133/ STUDY: Glycosylation and Cardiovascular Diseases LINK: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_15 STUDY: Glycosylation in health and disease LINK: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-019-0129-4 STUDY: IgG-Fc N-glycosylation at Asn297 and IgA O-glycosylation in the hinge region in health and disease LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10719-013-9481-y STUDY: N-glycans as functional effectors of genetic and epigenetic disease risk LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32861467/ STUDY: Regulation of antibody effector functions through IgG Fc N-glycosylation LINK: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00018-016-2366-z STUDY: Sialylated immunoglobulin G: a promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33859756/ STUDY: The role of IgG N-galactosylation in spondyloarthritis LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2588930322000019 STUDY: Effects of estradiol on biological age measured using the glycan age index LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7732334/ STUDY: Effects of Estradiol on Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation: Mapping of the Downstream Signaling Mechanism LINK: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.680227/full STUDY: Immunoglobulin G glycome composition in transition from premenopause to postmenopause LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8881712/ STUDY: Progesterone induces a switch in oligosaccharyltransferase isoform expression: Consequences on IgG N-glycosylation LINK: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016524781100040X STUDY: N-glycosylation patterns of plasma proteins and immunoglobulin G in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease LINK: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12967-018-1695-0#